Journal entry on reading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Journal entry on reading - Essay Example Although Polly is also a woman, she takes the role of a voyeur which is more observed in males than in females therefore, Godwin does not treat her as a woman in his earlier discussions. Later on, he shifts spectatorship from Polly to the audiences who are watching the narrator’s storytelling. At this point, he already considers the main character as an object, a role often taken by females. This shift is a parallel to the change of heart of Polly who finally came to the realization that the woman she admired was not at all what she has always imagined her to be. In the aforementioned analysis, the writer takes time in considering the symbolisms presented by Polly but he also mentions other interesting materials in the film to clarify his points. For instance, he explains that in the scene where the curator calls Polly’s photographs â€Å"The trite made flesh†, the camera was placed in front of the character not to superimpose how she would react to the comment b ut rather, Polly was made the object of spectatorship. She is not the observer anymore but she has become the person to be observed. This makes clear that Godwin is more interested in the symbolisms not only of the characters, their actions or the materials used in the film but also the placement of cameras. Indeed, shots are important factors to be considered in film analysis but to the writer, he effectively manipulates his mention of such element to bring further his discussions of his interest in the characters through another angle of vision. In the case of the curator, as a person who has embraced a job known to be dominated by males, she is said to be used as a representation of the males who are obviously minimally characterized in the film. The author then proceeds to link the curator’s position to male dominance by bringing to the picture her lesbian lover, Mary, who is also an artist. When Mary’s artworks were exhibited as the work of the curator, the artist , as a representative of female characters in fiction and real stories, is minimized to a sub-character. Meaning, Mary is placed behind the scene while her lover, a representation of the males, gets a magnified image. This is so because the curator is placed in the limelight as the artist who is applauded for a job well-done when in fact, she is not the artist. The analysis of Godwin resonate a lot of truths which are not just written with ink on papers but are generally observed. Indeed, even in this modern world where it is now observed that women can speak out their thoughts and feelings towards their male counterparts, there is still a great difference when it comes to being the object of gaze. Women may openly gaze at men and appreciate their physique but they are not as widely considered as men gazing at women. This means that time might have changed but the fact that the woman remains to be the object rather than the observer, is still more predominantly accepted. Considering the film where the characters are mostly women, one could just only imagine who would be the voyeur in a world of women then. The answer is quite obvious. The woman who has more grace and beauty attracts the gaze. This analysis of the writer is an eye-opener for viewers because one’s concentration is not just focused on the narration of the story but it also challenges the audience to look at the

Ben and Jerrys Remarkable Success Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ben and Jerrys Remarkable Success - Essay Example We have a progressive, nonpartisan social mission that seeks to meet human needs and eliminate justices in or local, national and international communities by integrating these concerns into our day to day business activities. Our focus is on family and children, the environment and sustainable agriculture on family farms Employees enjoy working at Ben and Jerry's and the company maintains a low turnover. The company states that they have a deep respect for human beings inside and outside the plant. According to the Employee Job Satisfaction Model revised by Richard Scholl, job satisfaction is the employee response to the organization. The company ability to meet the expectations of employees determines job performance. The Affective component of the model reflects the way employees feel about being a part of that work force. Ben and Jerry's has succeeded in producing positive attitudes in many ways, including making working for them fun. In 1987 when increased demand put pressure on employees, Ben and Jerry's created a committee called The Joy Gang. The group plans events throughout the year for holidays, birthdays, parties and secret events to surprise employees. The supervisors participate too promoting a team feeling and avoiding the, us and them, mentality sometimes occurring in big business. The management structure has captured the attention of numerous business journals such as Ethics and Behavior, T&D and American Business Law Journal. Ben and Jerry's incorporates moral management, or as Jerry Cohen phrases it, "caring capitalism." Not only does the company donate 7.5% of annual profits to projects like the homeless, rain forests and social changes for peace, but keeps employees happy with free ice cream daily, free health club memberships and subsidized childcare. The top executive is also limited to earning seven times the amount made by the lowest paid worker (Sikula, 1996). Ben and Jerry's cooperates with the community and local farmers for raw materials. By supporting small farm operations the company honors its focus on family and socially aligning sourcing. Milk and cream is purchased from St. Albans Cooperative Creamery, which agrees not to inject the growth hormone, rBGH into dairy cows as required by Ben and Jerry's. While the hormone is approved by the FDA and increases milk production, it also causes serious health problems for the cows. The hormone is already banned in Canada and the European Union. Ben and Jerry's has also mingled passion and social responsibility into all aspects of the business including product development, human resources, plant operations and marketing. Company leaders keep the social impact of their decision making foremost in their plans, even if it means making a slim profit. The outcome of this philosophy has been incredible (Chang, 2001). In echoing the requirements of a satisfied employee as indicated by the Employee Satisfaction model, Chang stated, "People don't check their personalities at the office door and become automatons: Their performance is predicated on their feelings toward their work." Richard Chang, who is CEO of a performance improvement

Bullying and the effects on the individuals Essay Example for Free

Bullying and the effects on the individuals Essay Abstract The purpose of this paper is to explain what is bullying and the consequences of bullying. Bullying is where the bullier intentially causes physical harm or emotional stress to the victim. Bullies are angry and aggressive and dominate their victims and choose their targets by weakness and vulnerability and the victim is non dominant and usually does not fight back. There are severe warning signs that this is not a normal behavior and usually starts as a child and can still be a behavior done in adulthood. There are four different types of bullying and several descriptive behaviors. Bullying can lead to severe self-esteem issues. Aggressive behavior, dominant individual who abuses power by threating less dominant individual. Behavior is repeated or has potential to become repetitive over time. Bullying includes making threats spreading rumors, attacking someone or seclusion. This can be in person or anonymously by being a cyber-bully. This is important because bullying or being bullied appear to indicate that something is wrong and children who experience bullying either as aggressor or a victim need help. Bullying start as a child and without help it can grow into a big issue to deal with as an adult. Types There are three most common types of bullying and numerous tactics used when targeting their victims. Bullies intend to harm their victims with power imbalance. Power imbalance is crucial for the bully because their victim  cannot defend themselves. Power difference can be age, size, or strength. The victim as a result can feel weak, small, vulnerable, scared and dumb. There is typically more than one time that the bully will attack there same victim. Weather it is the same act or different behaviors on the victim. The third aspect on bully behaviors is the intentions to cause harm another person. The bully harasses people on purpose. Their behavior is not a â€Å"joke† or accident. The victim feels embarrassed, ashamed, angry, or scared. There are different forms of bullying; physical, verbal, cyber and relational aggression. Physical involves hitting, kicking, pushing, tripping, stealing or breaking property. Verbal abuse hurts the victim emotionally with words. Name calling, threating, yelling, intimidation and laughing. Relational uses other people to hurt their victims. This is more hurtful to some people because their friends are talking behind their back. The bully spreads rumors and gossip around. The last form is cyberbullying which is done with improved technology. This can be over the internet, email, text or social media. The bully can interact relational and verbal forms. Name calling, insults and lies or threats can lead to physical harm to the victim. This can happen 24/7 and anonymously. So it is harder to find out who is the bully. There are many influences that the bully has and that is the reason why the bully has certain behaviors. Gender, orientation, environment, family problems, race or developmental problems. The bully usually has anger issues and experiences some type of abuse. The person takes out their feelings on someone who can or will not fight back. The bully may be physically and verbally abused by parents or older siblings. So when they are around someone who is not a threat they tend to do the same abuse to the victim to feel superior and worthy. The parents may have substance abuse, emotional issues, low self-esteem, single parent household and many other reasons. The family is not connected and bad communication. Lack of rules may also play a role. The victims have low self-esteem because they feel powerless. They listen and believe what is said to them and about them. They may feel helpless,  hopeless hurt non worthy and have negative outcomes, anxiety and depression. These can lead to substance abuse, drinking and lack of motivation, eating disorders and increase risk of suicide. These are main of bullying. Conclusion In conclusion bullying is a nationwide problem and it has major problems that affect another human being. This usually starts as a child and never ends without proper treatment. There is a behavior problem that is not normal to intentially cause harm to another person. there are many factors that influence the bully behavior. The victim as a result has low self-esteem. Depression and anxiety. The dominant and less dominant parties need and is recommended to get counseling to reduce long term constiquences. The improved bullying is done with updated technology and can remain unknown. References Kimble, D. and Colman, M (1995): Biological aspects of behavior, Longman Publishers, available at http://www.le.ac.uk/psychology/amc/ Kuykendrat, S. (2012) Ph D.Bullying Santa Barbra: ABC-clio. Zastrow, C. H. Kirst-ashmand K.K. (2010) Understanding human behavior and the social environment. (8th ed ) Belmonth, CA brooks/cole http://www.stopbullying.gov/what-is-bullying/rel

The Significance Of Larmor Frequency In Mri English Language Essay

The Significance Of Larmor Frequency In Mri English Language Essay When a magnetic field is applied to an atom, the nuclear spin will be orientated with the field. The spin allows absorption of a photon of frequency ÃŽÂ ½L, which is dependent on the magnetic field applied. ÃŽÂ ½L = ÃŽÂ ³ * B In the equation above, B is the magnetic field, ÃŽÂ ³ is the gyromagnetic ratio and ÃŽÂ ½L is the larmor frequency. When atoms are placed in a non-uniform magnetic field, the nuclei of the atom have varying larmor frequencies due to the equation. (b) Why does the RF field have to be applied exactly at the Larmor frequency to tip the net nuclear magnetisation? Some nuclei are said to be parallel to the magnetic field with some nuclei orientated anitparallel which are at a higher energy state. The energy difference between the two states is give by ΆE. When this energy difference is applied there is a transition from the lower energy level to the higher energy level. There is now more nuclei in an anitparallel orientation. When using the RF pulse it has to be resonance with the Larmor frequency. As the RF energy is applied the nuclei will orient themselves in the anitparallel position, this results in more nuclei being in a higher energy state. (c)Classically the spin population states are divided into parallel and anitparallel: what is the approximate population difference between these two states at 1.5T? In order to calculate the population difference use the larmor equation to find the frequency at 1.5 T f = ÃŽÂ ³B Where ÃŽÂ ³ = 42.6 MHz/T B= 1.5 T f = (42.6 x 10 ^6) Ά¡ (1.5) f= 63.9 x 10^6 secà ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¹ Now use the following equation ΆE = hf to find the difference in population where h is plancks constant which is 4.14 x 10^- 15 eVΆ¡sec f is 63.9 x 10^6 secà ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¹ ΆE = hf ΆE =4.14 x 10^-15 )(63.9 x 10^-6 secà ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¹) ΆE = 2.65 x 10^-7 eV (d) Describe what is meant by the Free Induction Decay (FID) of the MR signal In the rotating frame, the net magnetisation vector decays as spins lose phase coherence and begin to cancel each other out. They do this because they experience slightly different magnetic field strengths due to interaction between spins (via their own oscillating magnetic fields). Slightly different magnetic fields means slightly different precession (Larmor) frequencies. This causes some spins to lag behind the average, and some get ahead of the average. Eventually the spins point in arbitrary directions and the Mxy component of the net magnetisation vector is lost. This decaying, oscillating signal is the free induction decay.  [1]   (e) Describe what is meant by spin-lattice relaxation. How is it described mathematically? One relaxation process involves a return of the protons to their original alignment with the static magnetic field. This process, called longitudinal or spin-lattice relaxation, is characterized by a time constant T1. The term spin-lattice refers to the interaction of the protons (spins) with their surroundings (the lattice or network of other spins). This interaction causes a net release of energy to the surroundings as the protons return to the lower energy state of alignment.  [2]   The spin- lattice relaxation is given by M_z=M_0 [1-exp (-t/T_1)] where M_z and M_0 components of the magnetisation vector and t is the time. (f) Describe what is meant by spin-spin relaxation. How is it described mathematically? Before a radio wave is applied, the precessional orientation of the protons is Random. The application of a radio wave brings the protons into synchronous precession, or in phase. When the radio wave is switched off, the protons begin to interact with their neighbours and give up energy in random collisions. In so doing, they revert to a state of random phase. As the protons revert to random orientation, the bulk signal decreases because the magnetic moments tend to cancel each other. This process is called transverse or spin-spin relaxation and is characterized by a time constant T2.  [3]   The spin-spin relaxation is given by M_x, y=M_0 [exp (-t/T2)]. (g) Using the spin echo sequence, describe how the timing parameters can be adjusted to reflect T1, T2 and proton density in the image. Question 2 Figure 2.1 : Image given in assignment (i)What are the two user variable parameters marked as a and b? Explain briefly in general terms how a and b might be chosen to achieve different image contrast weightings. The user variable a is the echo time and b is the repetition time. When there is a short repetition time and short echo time the result will be a T1-weighted image. A long repetition time and short echo time will give a proton density image, and long repetition time and long echo time will give a T2-weighted image. (ii) Identify the gradients markedd. Explain what is illustrated by the dotted horizontal lines in this part of the diagram. What user variable parameter directly influences what is happening ind? Briefly relate this to total scan time. The gradients markedd represents the phase encoding gradient. The user variable parameter that directly influences the phase encoding gradient is the frequency encoding gradient. The total scan time for a standard spin echo or gradient echo sequence is number of repetitions x the scan time per repetition (means the product of repetition time (TR), number of phase encoding steps, and NSA).  [4]   (iii)Identify the gradient e. If all other variables are considered fixed what user variable parameter would change the strength of this applied gradient? The gradient is e is the slice selection gradient. The user variable parameter that would change the strength of this applied gradient is the slice thickness parameter. The slice thickness is governed by the following equation: thk = BWtrans / (à Ã¢â‚¬ °0 ·GS) Where thk is the slice thickness, BWtrans is the transmitted RF bandwidth (the range of frequencies it covers), 0 is the gyromagnetic ratio and GS is the magnitude of the slice selection magnetic field gradient. So, slice thickness is inversely proportional to GS; increasing GS will yield a thinner imaging slice.  [5]   (iv) What is the waveform show in g? Give a brief description of how the signal from g is captured by the MR computer system and subsequently processed to form an image. The waveform g represents the echo signal received. Question 3 (A) Describe briefly the physical basis of the following MRI artefacts: Truncation or Gibbs Gibbs or truncation artefacts arise from going from a bright are to a dark area resulting in bright or dark lines which are present at parallel and adjacent borders where there is a sudden change in intensity. This type of artefact is associated with the number of steps used in the fourier transform to reconstruct the image . To minimize the effect of Gibbs or truncation artefacts more encoding steps are performed in order to lessen the intensity and narrow the artefacts. Figure 3.1 : Diagram shows the Gibbs effect resulting from a Fourier transformation of a sharp change in image intensity Zipper There are various causes for zipper artefacts in images. Most of them are related to hardware or software problems beyond the radiologist immediate control. The zipper artefacts that can be controlled easily are those due to RF entering the scanning room when the door is open during acquisition of images. RF from some radio transmitters will cause zipper artefacts that are oriented perpendicular to the frequency axis of your image. Frequently there is more than one artefact line on an image from this cause. Other equipment and software problems can cause zippers in either axis.  [6]   Figure 3.2 : When this image was taken the scanner room door was left open during the acquisition causing the zipper artefacts shown. Chemical shift Chemical shift arises from a variation in the resonance frequency due to the nuclear spin of protons in different environments like fat or water. Due to the magnetic shielding of different protons , will result in different resonance frequency and hence lead to miss registration of protons in the same slice during the fourier transform. The chemical shift artefact will appear as bright or dark band at the edge of the anatomy. High field strength increases the miss registration of the protons. Figure 3.3 : In this image the chemical shift artefact is seen as a small bright line in front of the femoral bone. (b) In a magnetic field, fat precesses at a lower frequency that water giving rise to a Chemical shift. At 1.5T, the frequency difference is 210Hz. For an image matrix of 256 x 256 and a receive coil bandwidth of 16 kHz, calculate the size of the shift between water and fat in pixels. To find the chemical shift use the following equations d = (n nref) x 106 / nref But know that nref = gBo The equation now becomes d = (n nref) x 106 / gBo where nref is resonance frequency g is gymagnetic ratio where g is 42.58 MHz/T Bo is magnetic field strength where Bo is 1.5 T n is resonance frequency of second component d is chemical shift difference Can now put these values into the above equations. Given that the frequency difference is 220 Hz d = (n nref) x 106 / gBo d= (220) x 106 / (42.58 x 106) (1.5) d= 3.44 ppm Question 4 Using diagrams where appropriate, briefly describe k-space under the following headings What does k-space represent K space corresponds to a matrix of the MR data and represents the image before processing like fourier transforms are performed. Within k-space each line represents a measurement, with a separate line for varying phase gradients. A line of height 0 represents a line with no phase gradient. Figure 4.1: In this diagram, Kx represents frequency, Ky represents phase directions. Each measurement is positioned at a different Ky coordinate (height) How is k-space normally filled The polarity and amplitude of the frequency and phase encoding gradients directly affect how k-space is filled. The amplitude of the frequency encoding gradients establish how far the k-space goes to the left or right and therefore gives the field of view of the image in the frequency direction. Positive values go from left to right while negative values go from right to left. The amplitude of phase encoding gradient estimates how far up and down k-space is filled up and down in the phase direction and hence determines the field of view in this direction. Positive values fill the top half while the negative values fill the bottom half. What determines k-space co-ordinates The k-space location (kx and ky coordinates) of data is governed by the accumulated effect of gradient events and excitation pulses.  [7]   How does an absence of data in k-space affect the image If there is some date missing in k-space this will result in a loss of resolution of the image. Question 5 (a) Describe four important safety hazards in MRI. Static magnetic fields Depolarization can be caused by voltages induced in flowing blood and the movement of muscles in the heart which can be detected by an electrocardiogram. In order to minimize this effect the magnetic field strength kept withing the following limits. 2.5 T for body of patients; 0.2 T for arms and hands of staff and 0.02 T for whole body of staff. Switching of the gradient magnetic fields Involuntary muscular contraction, breathing difficulties and ventricular fibrillation arise from eddy currents induced in the body. MRI should not be performed on patients with implants, as it can cause harm to the patient. In the case of strong fields, taste sensations can be experienced by the patient while flashes of light can be present on the patients retina. Magnetic field build up is usually 1-5 Ts to avoid symptoms. Radiofrequency fields In strong static fields, at high frequencies, heating can occur. The temperature should not rise above 1 degree Celsius on the patients skin. In order to minimize the heating affects the specific absorption ratio should not surpass 0.4 W/Kg and pulsed RF field should not go beyond 70 W Mechanical attraction of ferromagnetic objects This changes with the square of the magnetic field and inverse of the distance. Metal objects are made into projectiles if they come into the fringe field. For this reason non-magnetic material should be used. (b) What is meant by SAR? Define the units used to measure this parameter. The Specific Absorption Rate is defined as the RF power absorbed per unit of mass of an object, and is measured in watts per kilogram (W/kg). The SAR describes the potential for heating of the patients tissue due to the application of the RF energy necessary to produce the MR signal. Inhomogeneity of the RF field leads to a local exposure where most of the absorbed energy is applied to one body region rather than the entire person, leading to the concept of a local SAR.  [8]   What is the whole body limit? 4 W/kg averaged over the whole body for any 15-minute period.  [9]   Which sequences are a particular concern and may give rise to radio-frequency effects? Radio frequency effects occur when a patient is exposed to static magnetic fields in MRI. The Radio frequency pulses mainly produce heat, which is absorbed by the body tissue. If the power of the RF radiation is very high, the patient may be heated too much. To avoid this heating, the limit of RF exposure in MRI is up to the maximum specific absorption rate (SAR) of 4 W/kg whole body weight (can be different from country to country). For MRI safety reasons, the MRI machine starts no sequence, if the SAR limit is exceeded.  [10]  

Comparison between Jan van Eyck and Fra Angelico Essay -- essays rese

The Renaissance in Western Europe brought a â€Å"rebirth† to the arts. No longer was the church the only accredited patron for the arts. Instead, a wealthy middle class arose as patrons and were able to purchase artist’s works. Although many pieces still had religious themes, the styles, freedom of creativity, and less reserved pieces were created. The Renaissance was not only confined to Italy, although it is often mistaken as the birthplace of the movement. All over Western Europe artwork flourished. Artists from the north came to Italy to study the classical arts and the renowned Italian Renaissance artists. Many of the same themes and subject matters were depicted throughout Western Europe. One such subject matter, the Annunciation, was portrayed by Jan van Eyck, a Flemish panel painter, as well as, Fra Angelico, an Italian fresco painter. In short, the Annunciation occurred when God sends the angel, Gabriel to deliver the message to Mary that she will give birth to his only son. Although both artists had the same understanding of the biblical account, their styles varied to agree with the concerns and interests of the people of the time as well as where they lived. They were able to establish their individuality through their artwork, even with the same subject matter. The Annunciation by Jan van Eyck is a perfect reflection of Northern Renaissance panel painting while Annunciation by Fra Angelico is the essence of Italian Renaissance fresco painting. The compositions that each piece displays is different and prestige in its own right. Flemish panel painters were largely influential and created extraordinary developments in composition. The artwork tends to be very detailed and filled with symbolic meanings from surrounding objects or even coloring. Jan van Eyck was especially credited for paying exceptional attention to detail that creates such a realistic form, the figures seem lifelike. Much of this realistic appearance is due to the medium that was widely used in the North. The use of oil paints and techniques, such as finer detail with smaller brush strokes and layering of oil paints to create a glaze, were used and developed giving the Northern art distinct characteristics and composition. Italian painters created frescos by applying pigments to wet plaster. The result is a dull, flatter color and they were unable to achieve intricate detail. The com... ...ic meanings that still are puzzling art historians today. Some of the key symbols that Stokstad points out in the text is the dove, representing the Holy Spirit; the white lilies as a symbol of the Virgin Mary. She also points out, two rather unknown symbols to the sacrilegious, the date of the Annunciation in signs of the zodiac on the floor, as well as the lone stained glass window that is symbolizing God rising above the three windows that are placed in the background behind Mary. These three windows represent the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both Jan van Eyck and Fra Angelico were revered artists for the advances in art that they created and displayed for the world to see. Their renditions of the Annunciation were both very different, however unique and perfect display of the typical styles used during the Renaissance. Jan van Eyck’s panel painting Annunciation held all the characteristics of the Northern Renaissance with its overwhelming symbolism and detail. Fra Angelico’s fresco Annunciation grasped the key elements used in the Italian Renaissance with usage of perspective as well as displaying the interest and knowledge of the classical arts.

The Lord Of The Flies :: essays research papers

'Lord of the Flies Creative Essay';   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many lessons of human nature to be learned from the novel Lord of the Flies; the book explores many aspects of human nature and society as a whole. We know this is evident because the book stirs a variety of human emotions for the reader. The implications of Lord of the Flies go far beyond these few small children being abandoned on a dessert island, it discovers the defects of the mind and our human nature in order to explain our actions in society. Human fear stems from the unknown, which leads to terror and often irrational behavior; just as the children on the island experienced fear, the island became an evil place as if 'a beast ' had been unleashed. We later learn that the fear of the unknown causes humans to release their own devils from within. In effect, their world isn't so different from the one we live in now.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I find it ironic that the very person who interrupted the children's sick man-hunt of Ralph, will take the children to his ship, which will then hunt the enemy in the very same fashion. Society is no better than the children who are stuck on the island and showing their violent attributes. However, these children were saved, only to be exposed to the exact same situation on a greater level. The entire time the boys were stuck on that terrifying island they were wishing for an adult to come and release them from it. Who then will rescue this individual and save him from the terrors of the world?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is also a political system on the island just as there is in our society. Ralph is the children's elected representative. He appoints hunters (or an army in our case) and a leader to this group on the island. He also appoints people to look after the fire, people to get water, to get food and make shelters (political heads). They also have an age of importance on the island, they can distinguish a minor from their form of an adult just like us. In this way the island is run in an orderly fashion. However, as in most political systems there are people who will oppose the decisions made by their representative. Jack is this leader of anarchy on the island. He drives this toward Ralph like people in society would protest or go on strike.

Online reservation of Eden spring resort Essay

RATIONALE OF THE STUDY The web has become an opportunity for the marketers to add value to products and services. The phenomenal growth and rising of the popularity of the internet and the World Wide Web has become a key to attract more consumers and businesses to engage the benefits of Electronic Commerce (E-commerce). This E-commerce is sited as any form of business transaction in which the parties interact electronically rather than by physical exchanges or direct physical contact (Aldin, Brehmer & Johansson, 2004). This has transformed the traditional commerce and enhanced sales and exchanges of merchandise and information. It is not just considered as single entity of technology but a combination of technologies where applications, processes, business strategies are necessary to do business electronically. The availability of goods and services with the click of a mouse is changing the global setting. It is critical for companies to know how do they attract customers to their website, engage them to turn into paying customers and also retain them in returning to your website. Online communications techniques used to achieve goals of brand awareness, familiarity and favorability and to influence purchase intent by encouraging users of digital media to visit a web site to engage with the brand or product and ultimately to purchase online or offline through traditional media channels such as by phone or in-store (Chaffey, 2009). In the Philippines, e-commerce is mostly being implemented by major retailers and multinational corporations for bank-to-bank exchange. A number of Business-to-consumer transactions have emerged through the years such as auctions, online shopping, and online banking (Lacson, Pasadilla, 2006). This just shows that Filipino businesses welcome this new opportunity in selling goods since 16% of the population is using Internet. This new marketing strategy will not only benefit those big companies but also the small businesses who cannot afford to advertise their products. Just by creating a website in a very affordable cost would make the business grow in terms of sales and enhance the company image as well. As summer is fast approaching, everyone wants to relax and spend quality time with their family and have fun at the same time. One of these relaxation sessions that will come in mind is outing, nature-tripping and swimming. Eden Spring Resort was planned to be for private use only. Family gatherings, special occasion and some invited family friends. But as the time passed, they developed it and made it a business, a Resort, and as this resort started, many people may it be local or foreign appreciated the beauty of the resort. The nature, the view, the fresh air, the peaceful and quite environment enticed them so much that they want to come back and bring significant people from them to enjoy the same experience that they had. When their business started, we found out that the personnel of the Eden Spring Resort they’ve been using a manual reservation every time they have customers. we notice that the customer’s of the resort are having a hard time on how to reserved the resort like birthday parties, weddings, family reunion and different kinds of occasions. So our proposal is about the web based reservation of Eden Spring Resort. Through this research, we may be able to help the resort in the enhancement of their business in order for them to have many costumers and also they will have an organized filing of the different transactions. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Through this research project, we may be able to help the resort in their business and also to provide a hassle-free reservation for their customers. The aspects that are related to this research are the organized filing of reservations made by the customers, the level of the administrators’ computer literacy, assisting the management of the resort to be able to attain a smooth and systematic operation and procedures, to provide a dependable and accessible reservation system that will ensure their clients a quality service, the availability of management staff with related training and knowledge in modern information technology that will periodically update and improve service provider capability to sustain a quality and dependable internet connection. This study seeks to answer the following: 1. What are the possible transactions of the Eden Spring Resort that can be improved using the online reservation? 2. What are the needed information requirements of Eden Spring Resort in terms of: 2.1. Checking-In and out of  guests to rooms; 2.2. Reservation of different kinds of occasion (Birthdays, Weddings, Anniversary etc.). 3. What are the acceptance level of the developed online reservation of Eden Spring Resort in terms of: 3.1. Perceive of usefulness and 3.2. Perceive of ease of use? SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY Nowadays, computer plays an important role in our life, most especially to the people that are having their business. There are the people who will benefit on our research study: Owner. They will have an organized file with a complete data that they will be needed in the reservations. Employees. Their work will be much easier and faster. Present Researchers. This study will help them develop and improve their knowledge that they have learned and skills that they experience. This will also served as one of their requirements in passing this level. Future Researchers. This will serve as their additional reference for their research. SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY This study focuses on the online reservation of the Eden Spring Resort. The researchers will interview the owner and the employees, and also we will give some questionnaires so that we can gather information’s that we will need. This study will be conducted in the Eden Spring Resort, located at Sitio Tab-ang, Barangay Pagatban, Bayawan City, Negros Oriental Philippines and this study is limited only for the year 2014–2015. The respondent of this study are the owner and the employees of the said resort. DEFINITION OF TERMS Electronic Commerce (E-commerce) – commonly known as E-commerce or eCommerce, is trading in products or services using computer networks, such as the Internet. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) – is an electronic communication  system that provides standards for exchanging data via any electronic means. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY The theoretical framework of this study will be anchored on the Rapid application development (RAD) of James Martin (1991). Rapid application development (RAD) is a response to processes developed in the 1970s and 1980s, such as the Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method and other Waterfall models. One of the problems with these methodologies is that they were based on a traditional engineering model used to design and build things like bridges and buildings. Software is an inherently different kind of artifact. Software can radically change the entire process used to solve a problem. As a result knowledge gained from the development process itself can feed back to the requirements and design of the solution. The waterfall solution to this was to try and rigidly define the requirements and the plan to implement them and have a process that discouraged changes to either. The new RAD approaches on the other hand recognized that software development was a knowledge intensive process and sought to develop flexible processes that could take advantage of knowledge gained over the life of the project and use that knowledge to reinvent the solution. (Martin, 1991) As Shown in figure 1 there are four phases in RAD, they are: Requirements Planning Phase, user design phase, construction and cutover. Requirements planning phase combines elements of the system planning and systems analysis phases of the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC). Users, managers, and IT staff members discuss and agree on business needs, project scope, constraints, and system requirements. It ends when the team agrees on the key issues and obtains management authorization to continue. During the User design phase, users interact with systems analysts and develop models and prototypes that represent all system processes, inputs, and outputs. User Design is a continuous interactive process that allows users to understand, modify, and eventually approve a working model of the system that meets their needs. The third phase is Construction phase which focuses on program and application development task. In RAD, however, users continue to participate and can still suggest changes or improvements as actual screens or reports are developed. Its tasks are programming and application development, coding, unit-integration and system testing. The last phase is cutover phase. This  phase resembles the final tasks in the SDLC implementation phase, including data conversion, testing, changeover to the new system, and user training. Compared with traditional methods, the entire process is compressed. As a result, the new system is built, delivered, and placed in operation much sooner. This approach will help us in developing our system that will help the Eden Spring Resort in their online reservations. FIGURE 1: Theoretical Framework of the Study CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY Instead of using manual system that can cause a huge compilation of data using file cabinet of which is time consuming for the personnel in searching and retrieving a certain file. The researchers therefore suggest the use of a system which will help the management in terms of their transactions. The conceptual framework of the Online Reservation of Eden Spring Resort is presented below. The first phase is the requirements planning phase, the first thing that the researchers will do is to differentiate the different transactions of the Eden Spring Resort. However, the researchers already observe the common problems occur in their current system before the actual study begins. Because of the problems identified, the researchers proposed a system that will help them. After the researchers identified the different problems and the different transactions, the researchers will identify the needed requirements on every transaction to be use in developing a system. The researchers will also interview the owner and the employees to know how their transactions are being conducted. The second phase is the user design phase, the information that the will be gathered in the requirements planning phase will be used in making the user design of the system. The information gathered will be the bases in determining the inputs and outputs of the system. Researchers will also include the flow of the information so that users will be guided upon using it. The third phase is the construction phase; the researchers will start creating the program for the system and documenting as well. The documentation will serve as a guide on how to use the system. System testing will be done also while in this phase. Users can suggest some changes or improvements while the system is being developed. The last phase or the forth phase is the cutover phase, researchers will let  the users test the program to observe some errors and eliminate them to make the system work successfully and to meet the needs of the user. Users can still suggest some changes or improvements while the system is being tested. After it will be tested and no more errors or bugs were found, the system will now ready for deployment. FIGURE 2: Conceptual Framework of the Study REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES The application of the Internet in the business world has become a major trend in practice and generated a hot stream of research in the recent literature. The Internet, as a collection of interconnected computer networks, provides free exchanging of information. Over 400 millions of computers or more than 400,000 networks worldwide today are communicating with each other (Napier, Judd, Rivers, and Wagner, 2001). As such, the Internet has been becoming a powerful channel for business marketing and communication (Palmer, 1999), and for new business opportunities – as it is often called as â€Å"e-business† or â€Å"e-commerce† today (Schneider & Perry, 2001). This new e-business or e-commerce virtual marketplace allows small companies competing with business giants by just having a better web presentation of their products/services. Under the same wave, online customers can enjoy a wider choice of products or services, more competitive prices, and being able to buy their favorite items/services from the sellers located thousands miles away. It provides communication between consumers and companies and through Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), buyers and sellers can exchange standard business transactions such as invoices or purchase orders with remarkable ease. The role of website quality in attracting online bookings and empirically test their proposed model with potential lodging customers. Authors indicate that information completeness and ease of use are important determinants of website quality. (Jeong et al.2005) According to the study of airfare reservation system, airfare reservation systems over attributes like information quality, system use, system quality, services quality, and customer loyalty. Their results show that North American-based websites outperform Asian-based ones.(Law and Leung 2002) The online booking in the hospitality industry (including  Hotel/motel, airlines, travels packages, etc.) is increasing at a very rapid speed recently, especially at the lower rate end. (Deegan & Horan, 2003) The hotel industry is certainly full aware of this trend and fully willing to contribute its share in this effort. In fact, the industry has realized that during those early forays into cyberspace, the industry didn’t view e-booking strategically (many hotels simply considered online room bookings at the time as a way to pick up additional business by selling distressed inventory through those online travel agencies), and handed over too much control of inventory and pricing to those third party online travel agencies. Now the industry is in the unenviable position of trying to take back the reins after early shopping patterns have been established. While the pressure to sell their inventory rooms online will be continuing, the industry has developed its new online stra tegy striving to get a better grip on this emerging marketing channel. (Jiaqin Yang, Jan Flynn & Krista Anderson) Online hotel reservations are becoming a very popular method for booking hotel rooms. Travelers can book rooms from home by using online security to protect their privacy and financial information and by using several online travel agents to compare prices and facilities at different hotels. People can book directly on an individual hotel’s website. An increasing number of hotels are building their own websites to allow them to market their hotels directly to consumers. Non-franchise chain hotels require a â€Å"booking engine† application to be attached to their website to permit people to book rooms in real time. One advantage of booking with the hotel directly is the use of the hotel’s full cancellation policy as well as not needing a deposit in most situations. (John Burns) According to Stuart study entitled â€Å"International Reservations Systems – Their Strategic and Operational Implications for the UK Hotel Industry†, presented details of the method and results of an investigation of the role and influence of international re servations systems within the UK hotel industry. The research comprised three questionnaire surveys of the use of computer reservations systems and distribution services by UK hotels. These were analyzed and produced an indication of general use of systems and the contribution which these currently make to hotel groups and consortia. The work also included a study of developments in access methods and changes in buyer behavior as observed by representatives of computer reservation and  distribution system, travel agency, hotel representation and intermediary companies. (Stuart 1995) According to this study, the system allows the guests to do their booking online by them self. Some of task that the system can do are providing a query for arriving date and the length of staying, providing the number of On rooms, view all available rooms and provides user the ability to choose one or more of them, recording the number of on rooms, view all available rooms and provides the user the ability to choose one or more of them, recording kind of guests and how many going to be in the single room, providing the cost of booking, asking the users if they want additional service; such as, dinner or breakfast, storing the guests detail; like, name, address and telephone, asking the user for confirmation, final confirmation views with the detail of booking and the guests can review or cancel the booking. (Louw, Door Janne, 2006) 658 Apartelle Online Reservation System, short term base lodging is the main reason that a hotel has been established. In the Philippines, wherein many foreign people go and have a vacation, hotel is always their first destination to have relaxation after long hours of travel in an airplane. Because of the rapid increase of foreigners visiting the Philippines for a vacation, a common sight is the establishments ad sophisticated hotels for competitive advantage. The 658 Apartelle Online Reservation Management System is not only a database for guest list but also an online reservation system, where potential guest can have online reservation which will automatically be sent to the database of the 658 Apartelle. Based on the proponent’s observation and interview, they have found many problems such as time consuming logging of the guest list names to the log book, difficulties in making reservations and difficulties in retrieving information on their previous guests because of the papers that are scattered everywhere and misplacing of the guestless records. (Bituin Abi, August 2010) A resort is a place used for relaxation or recreation, where visitors are being attracted to take their holiday or vacation. It refers to places, towns or sometimes commercial establishments operated by a single company. On the other hand, a hotel is differentiated as an establishment that provides paid lodging on a short-term basis. Computer programmers are continuously developing a system  application to better serve resort or hotel guests because some hotels and resorts are becoming fully automated while others are still striving for the similar setting. The researchers introduce a â€Å"LAN-Based Reservation with Billing System for Hacienda Gracia Resort and Hotel† to improve its reservation and billing system. The advent of new technology gave rise to easy and hassle-free interaction between and among humans. This is why most hotel and resorts prefer to employ computerization in their business. (Lagman , September 2012) RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES This section includes research design, research environment, research respondents, and data gathering procedure, research instrument and statistical treatment of the study. Research Design The researchers used the descriptive method in which the employees and the owner are the respondents in the Eden Spring Resort.   This method will be used in acquiring the response of the questionnaire and interview as the main tools in gathering the desired information that is needed for the study and getting the responses of the respondents regarding the information for the development of the online reservation of Eden Spring Resort. Research Environment This study was conducted at the Eden Spring Resort that was located in the Sitio Tab-ang, Barangay Pagatban, Bayawan City, Negros Oriental Philippines. The owners of this establishment are Mr. Dominador Torillo Ortaliz also known as Dennis and Mrs. Elizabeth Nodado Ortaliz also known as Beth. Eden was a combination of the names of the owners, Elizabeth and Dennis. They started constructing the Eden Spring Resort in mid of February but they started their business on June 14, 2012. Research Respondent The owner and the employees will serve as our respondent of our study. They are the one who will be frequently using the system. Data Gathering Procedures After asking permission to the owner of the establishment, we will be giving the questionnaires to the owner and the employee, we will also conduct an interview to them about the different problems encountered by the resort. Research Instruments The tool used by the researchers to gather the information’s needed is the questionnaires. The questionnaires are used to gather some data to the management of the resort regarding the current reservation or different transactions made by the Eden Spring Resort. Statistical Treatment of the Study This research study will use weighted mean formula in determining the acceptance level of the developed computerized recording system. Where: WX = weighted mean f = frequency x = values n = total number of respondents ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY This study will have (2) parts. Part 1 contains the Thesis write up which consists of three (3) chapters. Chapter I presents the problem and scope of the study. This covers the Rationale of the Study, Statement of the Problem, Significance of the Study, Scope and Limitation of the Study, Definition of Terms, the Theoretical Framework of the Study and its Schematic Diagram, Conceptual Framework of the Study and its Schematic Diagram. It also discusses further on the Review of Related Literature and studies of the research problem. It explained the research methodology, which comprises the Research Design, Research Locale, Research Respondents, Research Instruments, Data Gathering Procedure, and Organization of the Study. Chapter II includes the Presentation and Analysis of the Data Gathered from the respondents. The Data were presented in tabular form which were analyze and used as basis were implications can be drawn. Chapter III was the summary of Findings, Conclusion, and Recommendation, after which the program design. Part 2 contains the System Design, Flow Chart, Data Dictionary, and System  Requirements.