Definition and Examples of Prewriting Strategies

In composition, the term prewriting refers to  any activity that helps a writer think about a topic, determine a purpose, analyze an audience, and prepare to write. Prewriting is closely related to the art of invention in classical rhetoric. The objective of  prewriting, according to Roger Caswell and Brenda Mahler, is  to prepare students for writing by allowing them to discover what they know and what else they need to know. Prewriting invites exploration and promotes the motivation to write (Strategies for Teaching Writing, 2004). Because various kinds of writing (such as note-taking,  listing, and freewriting) usually occur during this stage of the writing process, the term  prewriting  is somewhat misleading. A number of teachers and researchers prefer the term exploratory writing. See Examples and Observations below. Also, see: Writing ProcessComposingDiscovery Strategies (Heuristics)FocusingGeorge Carlin on Finding Something to Write AboutYour Writing: Private and Public Types of Prewriting Activities BrainstormingClusteringFreewriting Journalists QuestionsJournal WritingListingOutlinePentadReading Examples and Observations Prewriting is  the getting ready to write stage. The traditional notion that writers have a topic completely thought out and ready to flow onto the page is ridiculous. Writers begin tentatively—talking, reading, brainstorming—to see what they know and in what direction they want to go. -Gail Tompkins, Rod Campbell, and David Green,  Literacy for the 21st Century. Pearson Australia, 2010Prewriting involves anything you do to help yourself decide what your central idea is or what details, examples, reasons, or content you will include. Freewriting, brainstorming, and clustering . . . are types of prewriting. Thinking, talking to other people, reading related material, outlining or organizing ideas—all are forms of prewriting. Obviously, you can prewrite at any time in the writing process. Whenever you want to think up new material, simply stop what you are doing and start using one of [these] techniques... -Stephen McDonald and William Salomone, The Writers Res ponse, 5th ed. Wadsworth, 2012 The Aims of PrewritingUsually, the prewriting activities help you find a good topic, narrow topics that are too broad, and look at purpose. You should finish the prewriting activities with at least a sentence and a list. Or you may have something as formal as a three-part thesis sentence and a fully developed outline. Either way, youll have laid the groundwork. -Sharon Sorenson, Websters New World Student Writing Handbook. Wiley, 2010 Prewriting as a Method of DiscoveryJeannette Harris stresses prewriting while stating that discovery occurs throughout the composing process, even in revision, when the writer is still retrieving additional information, making further connections, recognizing emerging patterns [Expressive Discourse, 15]. In prewriting as well as free-writing and keeping journals, ideas and forms are discovered by provoking memory. In addition, the personal nature of much prewriting and freewriting serve as an affirmation that the memory of the student writer has a valid place in the writing classroom. -Janine Rider, The Writers Book of Memory: An Interdisciplinary Study for Writing Teachers. Routledge, 1995 Prewriting and Revising[P]rewriting plans are not carved in stone; they are simply tools for generating and organizing ideas. Writers frequently change their minds as they write, eliminating some details, adding and changing others. Thats why some writers say that prewriting is a misnomer; they return to their plans over and over during all stages of the writing process, often revising and adjusting the plans as they go. -Lori Jamison Rog,  Marvelous Minilessons for Teaching Intermediate Writing. International Reading Association, 2011

Compliance Does Not Equal Security - 1189 Words

Compliance Does NOT Equal Security WRONG - Being Compliant Does Not Mean Your Business Is Secure INTRODUCTION Frequent news reports about company data breaches leave many people believing that these companies simply aren’t spending enough time and resources to deal with information security. In many cases, companies that are breached have been told that they are compliant with some standard (e.g., PCI, HIPAA, ISO 2700x, and SANS CSC). They believe that because they are compliant, they are also secure. Unfortunately, nothing could be further from the truth. Compliance usually comes with a list of control objectives. When objectives are complete and followed, your company should be complaint with a particular standard or legislative requirement. However, simply checking the boxes for each control objective doesn’t mean that you’ve actually improved your overall operational security or reduced your company’s risk. Managing compliance does not translate to managing risk, at least not from an InfoSec perspective. The biggest problem with equating compliance to security is that it implies that there is a time when your company’s team can focus on their regular jobs and do something more important. In the real world, security never stops and it’s never complete. Regardless of whether you’ve ramped up your security e orts, your business needs to be constantly vigilant. If you experience a breach, simply having that check mark showing you’re compliant isn’t enough. InShow MoreRelatedEssay about PCI Compliance1326 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is PCI Compliance? PCI Compliance is maintaining adherence to the PCI DSS standard that was developed by major credit card companies as a â€Å"guideline to help prevent credit card fraud† (PCI DSS). Credit card fraud has taken the spotlight in the past several years due to the massive growth of e-commerce and online transaction processing. 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Huffman trucking does not have a detailed recruitment and staffing policy nor do they have a formal human resource plan for the organization as a whole. In addition, there is no detailed plan exists for non-union employees. Finally, the organization does not appear to have a plan which details the government laws and regulations concerning the treatment of non-union employees. These laws, †¦govern such matters as equal employment opportunity, employee safe ty and healthRead MoreBlank Stare1570 Words   |  7 Pageshas the primary role and responsibility for overseeing the implementation and effectiveness of information security in the civilian federal agencies. In effect, the Director of the OMB functions as the Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) of the federal government, as far as unclassified systems and networks are concerned. The Director is to oversee the development of information security policies, principles, standards, and guidelines. 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Theory Counselling and Psychotherapy

Question: Discuss about the Theory Counselling and Psychotherapy. Answer: Introduction: If I were in a position to advise Bilbo, I would do my best to help him. The first thing I would do is to acknowledge that as a young man, he is still in the crystallized phase of intelligence. Meaning, he is not able to make rational decisions because he still has to rely on his experience, knowledge and skills, which in this case is lacking in him. He is neither experienced nor having any skills that he can rely on at this time to deal with the troublesome situation he faces. In this regard, I would use the opportunity to advise him not to be worried. The unfortunate circumstances that had befell his sweetheart Haki are normal human experiences. The fact that Haki suffered from left-sided salpingo-oopherectomy should not worry him a lot. I would encourage him to be confident enough to because he had already made commendable efforts by taking her to the hospital to seek for medical care (Corey, 2013). He would only need to worry a lot if the sick lady had not received any treatment and had a worsening condition. Despite lacking experiences, I would advise Bilbo to accept the situation and move on. It is nonsensical to live in the past and keep on worrying about what has happened. After all, he cannot undo what has occurred. So, what he should do is to use his mind to reason out and critically think about the necessary measures to take to handle the situation. It for this reason that I recommend that he should seek for a further medical intervention to assess the sick ladys condition. At the same time, he should own up and seek for permission from the school administration on behalf of her sick lover. This will show that he can use his intelligence to solve real life challenges (Furnham, 2014). Peter At the age of 61, Peter has definitely become an adult. As an elderly, he is not exempt from the challenges that are faced by the aging persons such as discrimination and isolation. Peter therefore faces a challenge because he is viewed as a burden in the family and a workplace. Worse still, he feels discriminated at the workplace where he is not entitled to benefits like promotion and recognition that are exclusively reserved for the much younger and active employees. Lastly, Peters age has made him prone to chronic illnesses like diabetes that troubles him and his family. In fact, Peters situation may worsen as a result of the negative perception he has about his old age. For example, when he is urged to retire, he is made to feel more rejected and unfit to be in the workplace and may be society in general. This feeling of rejection and isolation can complicate Peters situation and make him more vulnerable to health problems. Therefore, to address Peters situation, he has to be given attentive health care services. Unlike the younger patients, Peter requires more attention. His elderly condition complicates his health status. It makes him prone to multimorbidity, a situation characterized by multiple chronic infections each of which requiring attentive care. At the same time, Peter is aging and might be vulnerable to mental illnesses (Lavallire, Burstein, Arezes Coughlina, 2016). Therefore, Peter should not be regarded as a young diabetes patient because his condition is too complex and can worsen if not keenly monitored by the health care providers and his family. Selina By quitting her job at 45 and insisting on going back to the campus to get a life before its too late Selina is obviously a victim of mid-life crisis. She has been compelled to resign from her workplace because of aging and regrets. She regrets serving as mother and is also remorseful for not accomplishing certain goals in life. She feels ashamed that she did not accomplish educational goals just like the rest of the society (Seo Kim Jung, 2016). That is why she has been concentrating on caring for her family and working in a clothing store. This is a clear proof that Seilna suffers from mid-age crisis-a common developmental problem that occurs during the middle age. Personally, I am convinced that Selina has made a wrong d3cision. Although education is good, it can only be beneficial if acquired at the right time. Human being has a short life span that should be properly planned. So, for Selina, an aging parent to abandon her family responsibilities and go back to college, it means that she is having a developmental challenge that should be addressed. After all, she does not aim at advancing her education, but enjoying campus life. Meaning, she regrets missing that during her tender age. This will actually negatively impact on her family (Harvey, 2007). Apart from bringing financial deficiencies in the family, it will bring shame to the family. No one can be contented to associate with such a mother. References Corey, G. (2013). Theory and Practice of Counselling and Psychotherapy. (9th Ed). California: Brooks/Cole. Furnham, A. (2014). Increasing your intelligence: Entity and incremental beliefs about the multiple intelligences.Learning and Individual Differences,32, 163-167. Harvey, D. J. (2007). Understanding Australian rural women's ways of achieving health and wellbeing-a metasynthesis of the literature. Rural and Remote Health, 7(4), 1-12. Jellinger, K. A., Attems, J. (2015). Challenges of multimorbidity of the aging brain: a critical update. Journal of Neural Transmission, 122(4), 505-521. Lavallire, M., Burstein, A. A., Arezes, P., Coughlina, J. F. (2016). Tackling the challenges of an aging workforce with the use of wearable technologies and the quantified-self. Journal of the Facultad de Minas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Medellin Campus, 83(197), 38-43. Seo, E. H., Kim, E. Y., Jung, E. Y. (2016). The Effects of Climacteric Symptoms and Hardiness on Mid-Life Crisis. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society, 17(4), 454-463.

Neil Armstrong free essay sample

Neil was born on August 5 1930 * Neil was born in Wapakoneta, Ohio. * Neil had moved all around the state as a child. * Neill was in high school during 1944. * Neil was an active member of the boy scouts and had the rank of Eagle Scout. When Neil had experienced his first airplane flight, it was when his dad took a ride in a ford trimotor, also known as the â€Å"tin goose. † * Armstrong attended Blume High school and took flying lessons at the county airport * Neil earned his pilot’s license at the age of 15,before he earned his driver’s license * At the age of 17 Neil was studying aeronautic engineering at Purdue University. * Neil was the second person in his family to go to college. * Neil was also accepted to the Massachusetts institute of technology. His college tuition was paid for by the Holloway plan * At purdue, he earned average marks in his subject, with a GPA that rose and dropped during the eight semesters. We will write a custom essay sample on Neil Armstrong or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page * Neil was awarded Bachelor of Science degree in aeronautical engineering in 1955, and a Master of Science degree in aerospace engineering from the University of Southern California in 1970. * Armstrong was also awarded honorary doctorates by several universities. NAVY SERVICES Neil Armstrong was in the navy for about 4 years Neil’s call up from the navy came to him on January 26 1949, requiring him to start training at the age of 18 * This lasted for about 18 months, during which he qualified for carrier landing aboard the USS CABOT and the USS WRIGHT * On August 16,1950, 2 weeks after his 20th birthday, Armstrong was informed that he was a fully qualified NAVAL AVIATOR Astronaut career Armstrong was an astronaut for about 10 years * Neil was on the Gemini 8 * Neil was on the Apollo 11 * Neil was on the Gemini 11

Symbolism in Automobile Creation Essay Example

Symbolism in Automobile Creation Essay Example Symbolism in Automobile Creation Essay Symbolism in Automobile Creation Essay Name: Instructor: Course: Date: Symbolism in Automobile Creation The automobile has a history that is quite decorated. From the first automobile created to present day world class machines the brains behind these marvelous machines have demonstrated their love for the work in many different ways. One particular instance that shows this connection with the maker is Henry Ford’s creation of the Edsel. Ford showed this connection by naming the vehicle after his son (Gunn, paragraph 3). This symbolized his great affection for the Edsel. It was however a disappointing creation for the Ford corporation. In an interview with NPR staff about his book Engines of Change, Paul Ingrassia illustrates the symbols represented by certain vehicles. From Ford to Ingrassia vehicles were used to show some symbolism. Automobiles were sometimes taken to represent many things a factor, which affected in a great way people’s cultures and lifestyle. In an article on Newsday writer Malcolm Gunn analyzes the performance of the Edsel. According to Gunn, this line of cars was a perfect example of a failed creation. The Edsel, created about fifty years ago, took the Ford foundation approximately two years to produce and cost them millions of dollars. It was named after Ford’s son Edsel (Gunn paragraph 3). The corporation had expected the car to be a major success in the market since it was manufactured at a time when the automobile industry was experiencing a manufacturing boom. It was conceived at a time when Ford had very few credible competitors such as Volkswagen so it was bound to make an impact on the automobile market. Ford had decided to introduce this model to satisfy the ever-increasing demand for automobiles. It was supposed to be attractive in order to appeal to buyers. From advertisements and leaks from the press, potential customers were geared towards something extraordinarily different from the usual Ford cars. When the car was finally released, it became an object of mockery from both the media and the people. The subject of mockery was the grille that hung among the fenders (Gunn paragraph 5). Because of the grille, the Ford foundation was unable to make their anticipated sales even after Ford tried to make major alterations to its design. The Edsel named after Ford’s son, became a subject of humor for a very long time afterwards. In an interview with NPR’s Scott Simon, Paul Ingrassia the author of Engines of Change, a book that analyzes fifteen historical cars and what they represented during their time, talks about the symbolism attached to cars. In the book, Ingrassia demonstrates how the automotive industry has affected the American culture and ways of life. Ingrassia says in the interview that the fifteen cars he chose were the most influential on the American citizen (NPR paragraph 3). Ingrassia says that aspects of the American culture and history can be captured by different automobiles. In the interview, he cites several examples; his first example is the Chevy Corvette. Ingrassia says that since this car was introduced in 1953, when Elvis Presley recorded music, Hugh Hefner founded the Playboy and the Korean War ended it was thus a symbol of peace and freedom (NPR paragraph 6). He also says that the Volkswagen beetle was a symbol of peace, love and since it introduced during the 1950’s the American people bought it as a sign of their distaste to the extravagant behavior of American consumers. About the Mustang, Ingrassia says it had a major influence on American culture. It symbolized the introduction of a sporty cheap vehicle. This was significant because it encouraged American families to own two cars. Ingrassia mentions the Prius and says it was symbolic because of its shape. He says that it was a technological masterpiece. This attribute and its shape made it a household name in America during its time (NPR paragraph 10). At the end of the interview, Ingrassia says that the automobile industry has great potential and there was still a lot of chance that it may churn out similarly influential vehicles. Outline From the above articles and the examples given, vehicles have been used as symbols in many different ways throughout the history of the automobile industry. The symbolism can be viewed from the manufacturer’s perspective (Ford) and from the customer’s perspective (Ingrassia). From the manufacturer’s perspective, the car represented something they cherished and therefore influenced his mind from the onset. From Ford’s example, the Edsel was a project that he held close to his heart. He had named it after his son and thus had high expectations on its performance. The fact that Edsel represented someone he really loved cannot be disputed. Ford injected a lot of money and work force into this project because he did not want it to fail. Even when all indications showed that the line of cars was failing, he still tried to salvage it my making more changes. The failure of the Edsel can also be largely attributed to the way the media used the grille in their mocke ry. The grille had different names tagged on it for instance among some circle it was called â€Å"an Oldsmobile sucking a lemon† (Gunn, paragraph 6). Perhaps such names that symbolized outdated automotives were reasons why the Edsel never picked up. This is an example of how this symbolism affected culture and people’s way of life. This symbolism can also be seen from the Ingrassia depiction of what historical cars symbolized. The American citizenry view cars according to what event or part of their life particular cars captured. This symbolism affected largely the kind of cars they bought and why they bought them. As illustrated by Ingrassia, people sometimes bought cars to pass a message, as was the case of the Volkswagen beetle. This symbolism in the automobile industry had and still has a great impact in the way people behave and cars are still symbols of culture and lifestyle. Gunn, Malcolm. â€Å"Ford Edsel: Shiny grille Derailed a Sure Success.† Newsday, Feb 11. 2013. Web. Feb 23. 2013. Staff, NPR. â€Å"In ‘Engines’, A History of America Through Cars.† NPR Books, May 01. 2012. Web. Feb 23. 2013.

The Pilgrimage of Grace - Protesting Henry VIII

The Pilgrimage of Grace - Protesting Henry VIII The Pilgrimage of Grace was an uprising, or rather several uprisings, that took place in the north of England between 1536 and 1537. The people rose against what they saw as the heretical and tyrannical rule of Henry VIII and his chief minister Thomas Cromwell. Tens of thousands of people in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire were involved in the uprising, making the Pilgrimage one of the most unsettling crises of Henrys most unsettled reign. Key Takeaways: The Pilgrimage of Grace The Pilgrimage of Grace (1536–1537) was an uprising of tens of thousands of people, clergy and conservatives, against King Henry VIII.  They sought the reduction of taxes, the re-establishment of the Catholic church and the pope as the religious leader in England, and the replacement of Henrys main advisors.  None of their demands were met, and over 200 of the rebels were executed.  Scholars believe the rebellion failed for lack of leadership and conflicts between the demands of the poor versus those of the gentry. The insurgents crossed class lines, uniting commoners, gentlemen, and lords together for a few brief moments to protest social, economic, and political changes they observed. They believed the issues resulted from Henrys naming himself the Supreme Head of the Church and Clergy of England. Historians today recognize the Pilgrimage as growing out of the end of feudalism and the birth of the modern era. Religious, Political, and Economic Climate in England How the country came to such a dangerous place started with King Henrys romantic entanglements and search to secure an heir. After 24 years of being a jovial, married and Catholic king, Henry divorced his first wife Catherine of Aragon to marry Anne Boleyn in January of 1533, shocking Catherines supporters. Worse, he also officially divorced himself from the Catholic church in Rome and made himself head of a new church in England. In March of 1536, he began to dissolve the monasteries, forcing the religious clergy to give over their lands, buildings and religious objects. On May 19, 1536, Anne Boleyn was executed, and on May 30th, Henry married his third wife Jane Seymour. The English parliament- deftly manipulated by Cromwell- had met on June 8th to declare his daughters Mary and Elizabeth illegitimate, settling the crown on Janes heirs. If Jane had no heirs, Henry could pick his own heir. Henry did have an acknowledged illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy,1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset (1519–1536), from his mistress, Elizabeth Blount, but he died on July 23rd, and it became clear to Henry that if he wanted a blood heir, he would have to acknowledge Mary or face the fact that one of Henrys great rivals, the King of Scotland James V, was going to be his heir. But in May of 1536, Henry was married, and legitimately- Catherine died in January of that year- and if he had acknowledged Mary, beheaded the hated Cromwell, burnt the heretic bishops that allied themselves with Cromwell, and reconciled himself with Pope Paul III, then the pope would have most likely recognized Jane Seymour as his wife and her children as legitimate heirs. That is essentially what the insurgents wanted. The truth was, even if hed been willing to do all that, Henry couldnt afford it. Henrys Fiscal Issues Jervaulx Abbey was one of the great Cistercian abbeys of Yorkshire, founded in 1156. It was dissolved in 1537, and its last abbot was hanged for his part in the Pilgrimage of Grace. Dennis Barnes / Photographers Choice / Getty Images Plus The reasons for Henrys lack of funds were not strictly his famed extravagance. The discovery of new trade routes and the recent influx of silver and gold from the Americas into England severely depreciated the value of the kings stores: he desperately needed to find a way to increase revenue. The potential worth raised by the dissolution of the monasteries would be a huge influx of cash. The estimated total revenue of the religious houses in England was UK  £130,000 per year- between 64 billion and 34 trillion pounds in todays currency. The Sticking Points The reason the uprisings involved as many people as it did is also the reason they failed: the people were not united in their desires for change. There were several different sets of written and verbal issues that the commoners, gentlemen, and lords had with the King and the way he and Cromwell were handling the country- but each segment of the rebels felt more strongly about one or two but not all of the issues. No taxes during peacetime. Feudal expectations were that the king would pay his own expenses unless the country was at war. A peacetime tax had been in place from the mid-twelfth century, known as the 15th and the 10th. In 1334, the amount of the payments was fixed at a flat rate and paid by the wards to the king- the wards collected 1/10th (10%) of the moveable goods of the people living in the urban areas and paid it to the king, and the rural wards collected 1/15 (6.67%) of those of their residents. In 1535, Henry steeply raised those payments, requiring individuals to pay based on periodic assessments of not just their goods but also their rents, profits, and wages. There were also rumors of taxes to come on sheep and cattle; and of a luxury tax for people making less than 20 pounds per year on such things as white bread, cheese, butter, capons, hens, chickens.The repeal of the Statute of Uses. This unpopular statute was of vital importance to wealthy landowners who held estates owned by Henry, but less so to the common folk. Traditionally, the landholders could use the feudal dues to support their younger children or other dependents. This statute abolished all such uses so that only the oldest son could derive any income from an estate owned by the King The Catholic church should be reestablished. Henrys divorce from Catherine of Aragon to marry Anne Boleyn was only one problem the people had with Henrys changes; the replacement of Pope Paul III as a religious leader to a king who was perceived as a sensualist was inconceivable to the conservative parts of England, who truly believed the switch could only be temporary, now that Anne and Catherine were both dead.The heretic bishops should be deprived and punished. The basic tenet of the Catholic church in Rome was that the supremacy of the king was primary unless to follow his will was heresy, in which case they were morally obligated to work against him. Any clergy who refused to sign an oath siding with Henry was executed, and once the surviving clergy had recognized Henry as the Head of the Church of England (and were, therefore, heretics) they could not go back.No more abbeys should be suppressed. Henry began his changes by taking down the lesser monasteries, describing a laundry list of evils being perpetrated by the monks and abbots, and decreeing that there should be no more than one monastery within five miles of another. There were nearly 900 religious houses in England in the late 1530s, and one adult man in fifty was in religious orders. Some of the abbeys were great landowners, and some of the abbey buildings were hundreds of years old, and often the only permanent building in the rural communities. Their dissolution was a dramatically visible loss to the countryside, as well as an economic loss. Cromwell, Riche, Legh, and Layton should be replaced by noblemen.  People blamed Henrys advisor Thomas Cromwell and other of Henrys councilors for most of their ills. Cromwell had come to power promising to make Henry the richest king that ever was in England and the population felt that he was to blame what they saw as Henrys corruption. Cromwell was ambitious and smart, but of the lower middle classes, a clothier, solicitor, and moneylender who was convinced that an absolute monarchy was the best form of government.The rebels should be pardoned for their insurrection. None of these had a reasonable chance of success. The First Uprising: Lincolnshire, October 1–18th, 1536 Although there were minor uprisings before and after, the first major assembly of dissident people took place in Lincolnshire  beginning around the first of October, 1536. By Sunday the 8th, there were 40,000 men gathered in Lincoln. The leaders sent a petition to the King outlining their demands, who responded by sending the Duke of Suffolk to the gathering. Henry rejected all of their issues but said if they were willing to go home and submit to the punishment that he would choose, he would eventually pardon them. The commoners went home. The uprising failed on a number of fronts- they had no noble leader to intercede for them, and their object was a mix of religion, agrarian, and political issues without a single aim. They were patently afraid of civil war, probably as much as the King was. Most of all, there were another 40,000 rebels in Yorkshire, who were waiting to see what the Kings response would be before moving forward.   The Second Uprising, Yorkshire, October 6, 1536–January 1537 The second uprising was far more successful, but still ultimately failed. Led by the gentleman Robert Aske, the collective forces took first Hull, then York, the second largest city in England at the time. But, like the Lincolnshire uprising, the 40,000 commoners, gentlemen and nobles did not advance to London but instead wrote to the King their requests. This the King also rejected out of hand–but the messengers bearing the outright rejection were stopped before they reached York. Cromwell saw this disturbance as better organized than the Lincolnshire uprising, and thus more of a danger. Simply rejecting the issues might result in an outbreak of violence. Henrys and Cromwells revised strategy involved delaying the rabble at York for a month or more. A Carefully Orchestrated Delay While Aske and his associates waited for Henrys response, they reached out to the Archbishop and other clergy members, those who had sworn allegiance to the king, for their opinion on the demands. Very few responded; and when forced to read it, the Archbishop himself refused to assist, objecting to the return of papal supremacy. It is very likely that the Archbishop had a better understanding of the political situation than Aske. Henry and Cromwell designed a strategy to divide the gentlemen from their commoner followers. He sent out temporizing letters to the leadership, then in December invited Aske and the other leaders to come to see him. Aske, flattered and relieved, came to London and met with the king, who asked him to write up the history of the uprising- Askes narrative (published word-for-word in Bateson 1890) is one the main sources for the historical work by Hope Dodds and Dodds (1915). Aske and the other leaders were sent home, but the prolonged visit of the gentlemen with Henry was cause for dissension among the commoners who came to believe they had been betrayed by Henrys forces, and by mid-January 1537, most of the military force had left York. Norfolks Charge Next, Henry sent the Duke of Norfolk to take steps to end the conflict. Henry declared a state of martial law and told Norfolk he should go to Yorkshire and the other counties and administer a new oath of allegiance to the King- anyone who did not sign was to be executed. Norfolk was to identify and arrest the ringleaders, he was to turn out the monks, nuns, and canons who still occupied the suppressed abbeys, and he was to turn over the lands to the farmers. The nobles and gentlemen involved in the uprising were told to expect and welcome Norfolk. Once the ringleaders were identified, they were sent to the Tower of London to await trial and execution. Aske was arrested on April 7th, 1537 and committed to the Tower, where he was repeatedly questioned. Found guilty, he was hung at York on July 12th. The rest of the ringleaders were executed according to their station in life- noblemen were beheaded, noble women were burned at the stake. Gentlemen were either sent home to be hung or hung in London and their heads placed on stakes on London Bridge. End of the Pilgrimage of Grace In all, about 216 people were executed, although not all the records of the executions were kept. In 1538–1540, groups of royal commissions toured the country and demanded that the remaining monks surrender their lands and goods. Some didnt (Glastonbury, Reading, Colchester)–and they were all executed. By 1540, all but seven of the monasteries were gone. By 1547, two-thirds of the monastic lands had been alienated, and their buildings and lands either sold at market to the classes of people who could afford them or distributed to local patriots. As to why the Pilgrimage of Grace failed so abysmally, researchers Madeleine Hope Dodds and Ruth Dodds argue that there were four main reasons. The leaders were under the impression that Henry was a weak, good-natured sensualist who was led astray by Cromwell: they were wrong, or at least wrong in understanding the strength and persistence of Cromwells influence. Cromwell was executed by Henry in 1540.  There were no leaders among the rebels with unconquerable energy or willpower. Aske was the most passionate: but if he could not convince the king to accept their demands, the only alternative was to have Henry overthrown, something they could not conceivably succeed in doing on their ownThe conflict between the interests of the gentlemen (higher rents and lower wages) and those of the commoners (lower rents and higher wages) could not be reconciled, and the commoners who made up the numbers of the forces were distrustful of the gentlemen who led them.  The only possible uniting power would have been the church, either the Pope or the English clergy. Neither supported the uprising in any real sense. Sources There have been several recent books on the Pilgrimage of Grace over the past few years, but writers and researching sisters Madeleine Hope Dodds and Ruth Dodds wrote an exhaustive work explaining the Pilgrimage of Grace in 1915 and it is still the main source of information for those new works. Bateson, Mary. The Pilgrimage of Grace. The English Historical Review 5.18 (1890): 330–45. Print.Bernard, G. W. The Dissolution of the Monasteries. History 96.4 (324) (2011): 390–409. Print.Bush, M. L. Enhancements and Importunate Charges: An Analysis of the Tax Complaints of October 1536. Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 22.3 (1990): 403–19. Print.-. Up for the Commonweal: The Significance of Tax Grievances in the English Rebellions of 1536. The English Historical Review 106.419 (1991): 299-318. Print.Hope Dodds, Madeleine, and Ruth Dodds. The Pilgrimage of Grace, 1536–1537 and the Exeter Conspiracy, 1538. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1915. Print.Hoyle, R. W., and A. J. L. Winchester. A Lost Source for the Rising of 1536 in North-West England. The English Historical Review 118.475 (2003): 120–29. Print.Liedl, Janice. The Penitent Pilgrim: William Calverley and the Pilgrimage of Grace. The Sixteenth Century Journa l 25.3 (1994): 585–94. Print. Schofield, Roger. Taxation Under the Early Tudors, 1485–1547. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2004.

Differences in effectiveness of Humen Resource Management practices Essay

Differences in effectiveness of Humen Resource Management practices (HRM) in Saudi Arabia between local and multinational banks - Essay Example The two fold problem has been considered in this dissertation. First of all it has been identified that what are the main effective human resource practices with respect to banks in Saudi Arabia and in the other developing and developed countries. It is then considered that whether the human resource practices are more effective in international banks as compared with the local banks. The questionnaire method been used for data collection. Equal numbers of people from local and international banks in Saudi Arabia were asked the questions. Likert scale was used to devise the questionnaire. Job satisfaction was considered as proxy for effective human resource practices. The job satisfaction is a direct consequence of the phenomenon and it can be said that the HR is working effectively. So job satisfaction has been taken as a proxy for effective HR practices. SPSS was used for analyzing the responses. It has been found out that in the domain of recruitment and selection the main effecti ve HR practices are scientific recruitment methods and clear job analysis. In performance management the significant practices are quick and professional feedback. Effective training is also an effective HR practice. On the other hand it was found that the multinational banks have more effective HR practices than the local banks. ... Signature: Name: Mana Almana   Dated: 8/9/2010 Table of Contents Chapter 1. Introduction: 1 1.1 OVERVIEW: 1 1.2 Research Objectives 9 1.4 Research Chapters: 11 1.5 Summary 11 2.LITERATURE REVIEW 12 2.1.Selection and recruitment: 12 2.2. Performance Management: 19 2.3. Training and Development 25 2.4 Job satisfaction as proxy for HR effectiveness 34 Chapter 3. METHODOLOGY 30 3.1. Introduction 30 3.3. The Research Hypothesis 32 3.4. Data Sources and Collection Methods 34 3.5. Summary 44 Chapter 4: Data Analysis and findings: 44 Through SPSS 45 3.1 Recruitment & selection and HR effectiveness (as represented by job satisfaction) 41 3.2 Performance management and the HR effectiveness (as represented by job satisfaction) 56 3.3 Training and HR effectiveness (as represented by job satisfaction) 53 3.4 Performance of International banks and local Saudi Banks 57 Chapter Summary : 64 Chapter 5: Discussion 74 Chapter 6: Conclusion and Recommendations 76 References: 69 Appendix 1: Questionnai re 74 Chapter 1. Introduction: The first chapter is prepared to give an insight of the research problem discussed. It provides background information in overall structure and function of the Saudi banking sector. It then presents the literature review conducted to elucidate human resource management in general. Following up from the fundamentals the importance of this discipline is studied and explained with respect to the banking sector in particular. The study evaluates the significance of human resource management to this industry by comparing the theoretical grounds with the best practices. Finally the purpose of the research will be explained along with